Investigating the behavioral adaptation model of tourism business owners in Kermanshah province facing COVID-19 outbreak

It is obvious that the Covid-19 virus outbreak crisis has had many negative effects on tourism businesses worldwide;Therefore, it is necessary to study the adaptation behaviors to this crisis in order to reduce its adverse effects leading to manage the adaptive behaviors of this crisis by sharing experiences and to ensure the continuity of tourism businesses in times of crisis. The current study aims to investigate the behavioral adaptation model of tourism business owners in Kermanshah Province facing COVID-19 crisis. The population of this study includes business owners in the field of tourism in Kermanshah Province. Purposeful snowball sampling was used to select the interviewees. Sampling was continued until theoretical saturation was reached. In this study, theoretical saturation was obtained by examining 38 samples from the mentioned population. Data collection was done through open (unstructured) questionnaires, in-depth individual interviews, note-taking, document review, or often a combination of these methods. The results obtained from the research data in the open, axial and selective coding process were extracted and classified in the form of concepts. Based on the data;a "model of behavioral adaptation of tourism business owners in the face of the Covid-19 crisis" was designed and presented. In general, the results showed that the behaviors included two categories of reactive adaptive behaviors and planned adaptive behaviors that reactive adaptive behaviors are the basis for the destruction of businesses in the long run and planned adaptive behaviors paves the way for the growth and development of businesses in the long run. It is suggested that policymakers try to reduce reactive behaviors and improve planned behaviors in order to grow and develop businesses in the long run by adopting correct and principled policies.

Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance worldwide: a rapid review

Background: While vaccines are acknowledged as one of the most successful public health measures, an increasing number of people doubt the safety or necessity of vaccines. We aimed to assess and identify the factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination acceptance worldwide. Materials and Methods: In this review, a systemic search of online databases (Medline, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CIVILICA, and Google Scholar search engine) was conducted for related studies with no time limit up to December 2021. Results: The percentage of individuals willing to receive a COVID-19 vaccine across worldwide studies ranged from 23.1% to 92%. Willingness to vaccinate was dependent on factors such as male gender, older age groups (aged 65 or older), race (Asian race), higher income, ethnicity (Hispanic ethnicity), specialists' recommendations, access barriers (location of vaccine delivery, relative cost, time and distance to access vaccine), and a higher level of education. Hesitancy was mostly driven by vaccine safety concerns, perceived effectiveness, distrust in health officials or public health experts to ensure vaccine safety, lack of vaccine offer or lack of communication from trusted providers and community, vaccine characteristics (i.e., ways the vaccine will be administered and where the vaccine is made), and speed of vaccine development and was associated with fear of known or unknown long-term side effects. Conclusion: The top three reasons people agree to vaccinate were "to protect themselves and others", "belief in vaccination and science", and "to help stop the virus spread". Willingness to vaccinate differed by age, gender, race, income status, ethnicity, specialists' recommendations, access barriers (including the location of vaccine delivery, relative cost, time, and distance to access a vaccine), and education.

Impact Assessments of New Mobility Services: A Critical Review

Assessing the impact of new mobility systems (e.g., shared mobility services, mobility as a service (MaaS), and Mobihubs) in urban contexts remains a challenging endeavor due to the varying priorities (social, economic, and environmental) of different stakeholders and restricted and/or limited availability of data. In a broad sense, new mobility services (NMS) can be characterized as a way of optimizing the ownership and use of a variety of mobility resources, tailored to the needs of an entire (urban) community. In this context, providing an up-to-date and critical review on the impact of NMS is the main contribution and added value of this study. To this end, this study presents an in-depth review of NMS and their diverse features (e.g., car sharing, bike sharing, Mobihubs, etc.), as an alternative to privately-owned travel modes. By reviewing more than 100 relevant sources from academic journals (Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Web of Science) and media reports, this study explains the key elements on how to address the impact assessment of NMS in terms of social, environmental, and economic aspects of sustainable mobility services. This study concludes that the implementation of NMS offers the potential to promote efficiency, sustainability, social equity, and quality of life. The main findings of this study serve as a perfect starting point for mobility providers and policymakers who are concerned about the growing demands for clean and green cities.